After missile visibility tests were conducted in April 2000, at Eglin Air Force Base, Fort Walton Beach, Florida,[1]:254 the NTSB determined that if witnesses had observed a missile attack, they would have seen: Because of their unique vantage points or the level of precision and detail provided in their accounts, five witness accounts generated special interest:[1]:242243 the pilot of Eastwind Airlines Flight 507, the crew members in the HH-60 helicopter, a streak-of-light witness aboard US Airways Flight 217, a land witness on the Beach Lane Bridge in Westhampton Beach, New York, and a witness on a boat near Great Gun Beach. The aircraft had completed 16,869 flights with 93,303 hours of operation and was powered by four Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7AH turbofan engines. The board determined that the probable cause of the TWA 800 accident was:[1]:308. [1]:288. ")[1]:230 The NTSB witness group concluded that the streak of light reported by witnesses might have been the actual airplane during some stage of its flight before the fireball developed, noting that most of the 258 streak-of-light accounts were generally consistent with the calculated flightpath of the accident airplane after the CWT explosion. Only 15 of the 230 bodies have not been recovered. I spent a fair amount of time examining the wreckage, looking for signs of missile/projectile entry. In this case, the victim was a Long Island. On July 24, 2012, this FOIA release was re-uploaded to address technical issues. I made two visits to the mockup the NTSB assembled from the wreckage in a hangar on Long Island at the time, he says. They ask whether they smoked, since teeth would reflect tobacco stains, and whether they had moles and where. [1]:258, The NTSB considered the possibility that the explosive residue was due to contamination from the aircraft's use in 1991 transporting troops during the Gulf War or its use in a dog-training explosive detection exercise about one month before the accident. This authority includes interviewing witnesses. As not all components and wiring were recovered, pinpointing the source of the necessary voltage was not possible. Dr. Charles V. Wetli, the Suffolk County Medical. [1]:94 Additionally, the occupants of the target track were unlikely to have been able to hear the explosions over the sound of its engines and the noise of the hull traveling through water, even more so if the occupants were in an enclosed bridge or cabin. [1]:6[10][11] On the day of the accident, the airplane departed from Ellinikon International Airport in Athens, Greece, as TWA Flight 881 and arrived at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) about 4:38 pm. As a result of the investigation, new requirements were developed for aircraft to prevent future fuel tank explosions. Of the accidents that have occurred, spontaneous explosions in mid-air have always been responsible for a very small percentage of the total.. [57] In a press release, the NTSB stated: "After a thorough review of all the information provided by the petitioners, the NTSB denied the petition in its entirety because the evidence and analysis presented did not show the original findings were incorrect. The . "You get a little used to it," he said. The NTSB was never able to pin-point the precise cause, but it was clear that it was from within the tank.. Maintenance records indicate that the aircraft had numerous VSO-related maintenance writeups in the weeks before the accident. According to Oakley, the 25 years following the tragic Flight 800 crash have included the safest years in U.S. commercial aviation history. A full four years after the crash of TWA Flight 800, the NTSB released its official report: It found the probable cause of the accident was a spark in the center fuel tank that eventually led. [49]:29 An overpressure event was defined as a rapid increase in pressure resulting in failure of the structure of the CWT. The NTSB's conclusions about the cause of the TWA 800 disaster took four years and one month to be published. "[1]:265 Regarding these differing accounts, the NTSB noted that based on their experience in previous investigations "witness reports are often inconsistent with the known facts or with other witnesses' reports of the same events. Among the most valuable aids, said Wetli, is a picture of the victim smiling; the teeth in the picture could be matched against those of bodies. Web posted at: 10:00 p.m. EST. [1]:118 These samples were submitted to the FBI's laboratory in Washington, DC, which determined that one sample contained traces of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), another nitroglycerin, and the third a combination of RDX and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN);[1]:118 these findings received much media attention at the time. The MOU states that: [t]his procedure is intendedto ensure that neither NTSB nor FBI investigative activity unnecessarily complicates or compromises the other agencys investigation. [1]:31. [1]:258 Of the 5% of the fuselage that was not recovered, none of the missing areas was large enough to have covered all the damage that would have been caused by the detonation of a bomb or missile. HAUPPAUGE, New York (CNN) -- The Suffolk County medical examiner has released the first autopsy report on the victims from TWA Flight 800. "[1]:2 A loud noise recorded on the last few tenths of a second of the CVR was similar to the last noises recorded from other airplanes that had experienced in-flight breakups. [15]:4[16][17] The last recorded radar transponder return from the airplane was recorded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) radar site at Trevose, Pennsylvania, at 8:31:12pm. [54]:6. The elimination of the possibility of any reoccurrence of the same kind of incident is virtually always the fruit of an extensive accident investigation, and this one was certainly about as extensive as humanly possible.. "[58], Many internet users responded to the incident; the resulting web traffic set records for internet activity at the time. Fuel-air explosion in the center wing fuel tank, In-flight breakup sequence and crippled flight, Analysis of reported witness observations, Possible ignition sources of the center wing fuel tank, Missile fragment or small explosive charge. Minutes after its take off from New Yorks Kennedy International Airport, a Boeing 747 headed for Paris exploded midair over the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Long Island on July 17, 1996, leaving all 230 people aboard dead. [30][31]:1 The search and recovery effort identified three main areas of wreckage underwater;[1]:65 the yellow zone, red zone, and green zone contained wreckage from front, center, and rear sections of the airplane, respectively. In 1996, few U.S. government websites were updated daily, but the United States Navy's crash website was constantly updated and had detailed information about the salvage of the crash site. That added some time to the investigation.. From that investigation we issued safety recommendations that fundamentally changed the way aircraft are designed.. "We've had marina customers afraid to come down," said co-owner Harvey Gessin. English: This photograph is part of the National Transportation Safety Board accident report for TWA Flight 800. The FBI conducted an investigation. ``I don't think anybody was conscious as they fell from 13,000 feet to the water. [1]:109 After about 34 seconds (based on information from witness documents), the outer portions of both the right and left wings failed. J. Conrad Williams Jr./Newsday RM via Getty Images. "[55] Speculation was fueled in part by early descriptions, visuals, and eyewitness accounts of the disaster that indicated a sudden explosion and trails of fire moving in an upward direction. [1]:45[note 1][12][13][note 2], The ground-maintenance crew locked out the thrust reverser for engine #3 (treated as a minimum equipment list item) because of technical problems with the thrust reverser sensors during the landing of TWA 881 at JFK, prior to Flight 800's departure. Flight 800 has begun releasing details to family members who request them. According to WNYC, on July 17, 1996, the doomed Trans World Airlines (TWA) Flight 800 Boeing 747-131 jetliner was heading from New York City towards Paris, and was scheduled to stop there before continuing on to its final destination in Rome. In the case of the 747-100 series, the only wiring located inside the CWT is that associated with the FQIS. So far, Wetli said he cannot rule out a bomb as the cause, but he said he has found no evidence of one, such as metal and bomb parts trapped in bodies. [66] After the TWA flight 800 investigation, the NTSB recognized the need for better clarity. [44]:5, Around 80 FBI agents conducted interviews with potential witnesses daily. "[1]:257, A review of recorded data from long-range and airport surveillance radars revealed multiple contacts of airplanes or objects in TWA800's vicinity at the time of the accident. [1]:272279 After analysis, the investigation determined that these potential sources were "very unlikely" to have been the source of ignition. In reality, it is a very slow and tedious process. They had just announced a booming quarterly earnings report, increasing revenues more than 12% to almost $1 billion, including. After a forensic dentist emerged visibly shaken from the medical examiner's office, saying it was difficult to settle himself Thursday night even after he was home and comfortably in his own bed, Wetli said that most members of his staff are tolerating the trauma well, thanks to years of training and experience. The NTSB found that the probable cause of the crash of TWA Flight 800 was an explosion of flammable fuel/air vapors in a fuel tank, most likely from a short circuit. New York's Pataki asks feds to help pay for TWA recovery - December 27, 1996. [1]:137, To better determine whether a fuel-air vapor explosion in the CWT would generate sufficient pressure to break apart the fuel tank and lead to the destruction of the airplane, tests were conducted in July and August 1997, using a retired Air France 747 at Bruntingthorpe Airfield, England. January 3, 1997. Flight engineer trainee Krick was seated in the flight engineer's seat (being monitored by Flight Engineer/Check Airman Campbell); he was the least experienced of the crew, having logged 2,520 flight hours, but with only 30 of them on the Boeing 747. "[1]:270. To do so, all devices are protected from vapor intrusion, and voltages and currents used by the fuel quantity indication system (FQIS) are kept very low. [1]:xvi Problems with the aircraft's wiring were found, including evidence of arcing in the fuel quantity indication system (FQIS) wiring that enters the tank. But he said the pattern of injuries he has seen -- which reflects examinations of less than one-fourth of those on the plane -- would not be consistent with a bomb, plastic or otherwise, in the passenger cabin. The certification of the Boeing 747 with heat sources located beneath the CWT with no means to reduce the heat transferred into the CWT or to render the fuel tank vapor noncombustible, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 07:17. [44]:5 Included in some of the witness summaries were drawings or diagrams of what the witness observed. The design and certification concept that fuel tank explosions could be prevented solely by precluding all ignition sources. Each agency can call upon the other's laboratories and other assets. [1]:63 This facility became the command center and headquarters for the investigation. [73][74] Destruction of the wreckage was scheduled for completion before the end of 2021.[72]. [1]:3, Thirty-eight seconds later, the captain of an Eastwind Airlines Boeing 737 reported to Boston ARTCC that he "just saw an explosion out here", adding, "we just saw an explosion up ahead of us here about 16,000 feet [4,900m] or something like that, it just went down into the water. These plugs were blown out following the explosion of Flight 800. David McClaine", "National Transportation Safety Board Safety Recommendation", "Six months later, still no answer to the TWA Flight 800 mystery", "Statement on Petition for Reconsideration of TWA 800 Investigation", "NTSB Refuses to Reopen TWA Flight 800 Crash Probe", "NTSB Denies Petition on 1996 Crash of TWA Flight 800", Many Hits, Some Misses: The Post-Crash Web Rush, "TWA Flight 800 wreckage in Ashburn to be decommissioned", "Rule Readied to Prevent Airliner Explosions", "Pan Am Flight 214 CAB report (PDF) (Historical Aircraft Accident, 1963, Pan Am)", "Report and Recommendations Regarding TWA Flight 800 Crash", "Improvements Resulting From NTSB's Recommendations", "Coping with sudden loss after airplane crashes", "NTSB'S Reconstruction of the TWA Flight 800 Fuselage to be Decommissioned", "Wreckage from TWA Flight 800 to be destroyed 25 years after crash", "After 25 years, NTSB to dismantle TWA 800 reconstruction", "NTSB's TWA Flight 800 Reconstruction to be Decommissioned", Boeing Statement Following the First Day of the NTSB's Flight 800 Sunshine Meeting, Learning from a Tragedy: Explosions and Flight 800, "Skeptoid #99: Reassembling TWA Flight 800", TAM Transportes Areos Regionais Flight 402, 1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA_Flight_800&oldid=1134154510, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles needing more detailed references, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Transportation Safety Board, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, a light from the burning missile motor ascending very rapidly and steeply for about 8 seconds, the light disappearing for up to 7 seconds, upon the missile striking the aircraft and igniting the CWT, another light, moving considerably more slowly and more laterally than the first, for about 30 seconds, this light descending while simultaneously developing into a fireball falling toward the ocean. He said it was likely that death for the passengers was instantaneous. "[1]:63, Map showing the locations of the red, yellow, and green zones[1]:fig. [14] During refueling of the aircraft, the volumetric shutoff (VSO) control was believed to have been triggered before the tanks were full. "[1]:265 In addition, 18 witnesses reported seeing a streak of light that originated at the surface, or the horizon, which did not "appear to be consistent with the airplane's calculated flightpath and other known aspects of the accident sequence. Flight 800 has begun releasing details to family members who request them. He says fatal incidents tend to occur when an airplane is unintentionally flown into violent weather, usually a thunderstorm or, very rarely, some form of severe clear air turbulence (CAT). When the rare fatal air accident occurs it usually involves a causality chain, including a number of seemingly unconnected small anomalies that, together, create a sort of perfect storm which causes a crash, he says. New York's Pataki asks feds to help pay for TWA recovery - December 27, 1996. [1]:118, Further examination of the airplane structure, seats, and other interior components found no damage typically associated with a high-energy explosion of a bomb or missile warhead ("severe pitting, cratering, petalling, or hot-gas washing"). Some family members wanted to learn whether their relatives had suffered; others sought factual information that might be useful in litigation against Trans World Airlines and the Boeing Company, which made the 747 that exploded minutes after taking off from Kennedy International Airport on July 17, killing all 230 on board. [1]:4 The last radio transmission from the airplane occurred at 8:30pm, when the flight crew received and then acknowledged instructions from Boston Center to climb to 15,000 feet (4,600m). N93119, the aircraft involved in the accident, in May 1995. [36][37][38], Grief turned to anger at TWA's delay in confirming the passenger list,[33] conflicting information from agencies and officials,[39]:1 and mistrust of the recovery operation's priorities. Trans World Airlines Flight 800 was carrying 230 people, including four cockpit crew members and 14 flight attendants. "The explosion that occurred on TWA 800 was in the center wing fuel tank and was not from anything external," he says. [1]:259, Although it was unable to determine the exact source of the trace amounts of explosive residue found on the wreckage, the lack of any other corroborating evidence associated with a high-energy explosion led the NTSB to conclude, "the in-flight breakup of TWA flight 800 was not initiated by a bomb or missile strike. Many recommendations came out of the completed investigation, including everything from changes in daily operational procedures to modifications of the center fuel tanks on other 747s, Oakley says. "There's a process called onioning,' where you can keep covering up the levels of trauma one on top of the other," said Louis Gallagher, coordinator of Suffolk County's community mental health response team who has been working 20-hour days counseling victims' families. July 22, 1996 12 AM PT. . Taxi and takeoff proceeded uneventfully. So losing Flight 800 to an in-flight explosion of another kind was a very rare event indeed.. ''I would not want to read the autopsy of my loved one,'' Dr. Wetli said in an interview. [1]:273, Similarly, the investigation considered the possibility that a small explosive charge placed on the CWT could have been the ignition source. [1]:298, Computer modeling[1]:122123 and scale-model testing[1]:123 were used to predict and demonstrate how an explosion would progress in a 747 CWT. [1]:229, Examination of the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and flight data recorder data showed a normal takeoff and climb,[15]:4 with the aircraft in normal flight[46]:2 before both abruptly stopped at 8:31:12pm. What many thought was a missile was actually the death throes of an airplane that briefly went up before it, sadly and inevitably, went down, Oakley says. When the explosion occurred, some may have had a sudden panic attack for . Below is a list of those on board, according to family, friends or officials . Seventeen of the 18 crew members[20] and 152 of the passengers were Americans; the remaining crew member was Italian, while the remaining passengers were of various other nationalities. The event remains one of the deadliest plane crashes in U.S. history. Flight 800 lawsuit puts focus on fuel pump - Dec . Additionally, severed cables for the engine #3 thrust reverser were replaced. Pathologists are meeting daily with family members, conducting interviews about minute details of the victims' bodies to help determine who is who. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. "It's never very pleasant when you're in this field and you have to autopsy someone you know," said Suffolk County Medical Examiner Charles Wetli. "[1]:237 The interviews conducted by the FBI focused on the possibility of a missile attack; suggested interview questions given to FBI agents such as "Where was the sun in relation to the aircraft and the missile launch point?" But even though we're physicians, we're still human. [42], Although considerable discrepancies existed between different accounts, most witnesses to the accident had seen a "streak of light" that was described by 38 of 258 witnesses as ascending,[1]:232 moving to a point where a large fireball appeared, with several witnesses reporting that the fireball split in two as it descended toward the water. Recovery workers searching the wreckage of Trans World Airlines Flight 800 found the bodies of dozens of victims of the crash yesterday in a large area of debris on the ocean floor off Long Island. While some victims' bodies were mostly intact, most were either burned, fragmented, skeletonized, or decaying, so they had to be identified by DNA testing and dental records. [1]:266 The NTSB concluded that given the large number of witnesses in this case, they "did not expect all of the documented witness observations to be consistent with one another"[1]:269 and "did not view these apparently anomalous witness reports as persuasive evidence that some witnesses might have observed a missile. [1]:290 Finally, the CWT fuel quantity gauge was recovered and indicated 640pounds instead of the 300pounds that had been loaded into that tank. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. ", Later in the day, a second dentist emerged from the medical examiner's office and talked with composure about having helped identify his colleague. Captain/Check Airman Snyder was seated in the first officer's (right) seat monitoring Kevorkian's progress. A List of the Passengers and Crew Aboard Ill-Fated TWA Flight 800 L.A. Times Archives July 20, 1996 12 AM PT Here is a complete list of the 230 people, including four cockpit crew members and. Following the NTSB's ruling, the plane was used in training plane crash investigators and families of the victims were allowed to visit it, although it was never opened to the public. First autopsy report released from TWA 800 crash - January 3, 1997. [1]:243247 Advocates of a missile-attack scenario asserted that some of these witnesses observed a missile;[1]:264 analysis demonstrated that the observations were not consistent with a missile attack on TWA800, but instead were consistent with these witnesses having observed part of the in-flight fire and breakup sequence after the CWT explosion. The coroner who oversaw the autopsies on most of the victims of T.W.A. Behind drawn shades in the autopsy rooms of the Suffolk . Dr. Charles V. Wetli, the Suffolk County Medical Examiner, reluctantly began releasing the autopsy reports after being pressured by family members who sought the details of how their loved ones had died. After the 1996 crash of TWA flight 800 off Long Island,. The flight crew started the engines at 8:04 pm. [44]:10 Because of time that had elapsed (about 21 months) before the NTSB received information about the identity of the witnesses, the witness group chose not to reinterview the witnesses, but instead to rely on the original summaries of witness statements written by FBI agents as the best available evidence of the observations initially reported by the witnesses. [citation needed], For the FQIS to have been Flight 800's ignition source, a transfer of higher-than-normal voltage to the FQIS would have needed to occur, as well as some mechanism whereby the excess energy was released by the FQIS wiring into the CWT. Trans World Airlines Flight 800 (TWA800) was a Boeing 747-100 that exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, on July 17, 1996, at about 8:31pm. With todays very sophisticated weather radar and stringent rules for avoiding potentially dangerous weather this virtually never occurs, Oakley says. A 3-D scan of the reconstruction will be made for historical record. [18] Many witnesses in the vicinity of the crash stated that they saw or heard explosions, accompanied by a large fireball or fireballs over the ocean, and observed debris, some of which was burning while falling into the water. [1]:259 The NTSB concluded that it was "quite possible" that the explosive residue detected was transferred from military ships or ground vehicles, or the clothing and boots of military personnel, onto the wreckage during or after the recovery operation and was not present when the aircraft crashed into the water. The report on passenger Susan Hill, a homicide. Trans World Airlines Flight 800 ( TWA800) was a Boeing 747-100 that exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, on July 17, 1996, at about 8:31 pm. [47][48] In addition, the backs of several damaged passenger seats were observed to have an unknown red/brown-shaded substance on them. In addition to the probable cause, the NTSB found the following contributing factors to the accident:[1]:308, During the course of its investigation, and in its final report, the NTSB issued 15 safety recommendations, mostly covering fuel tank and wiring-related issues. [1]:94, Radar data showing vehicle and/or object tracks within 10 nautical miles (19km; 12mi) of TWA flight 800 just before the accident[1]:fig. [1]:9697 These simulations indicated that after the loss of the forward fuselage the remainder of the aircraft continued in crippled flight, then pitched up while rolling to the left (north),[1]:263 climbing to a maximum altitude between 15,537 and 16,678 feet (4,736 and 5,083m)[1]:97 from its last recorded altitude, 13,760 feet (4,190m). [51]:56 This conclusion was reached after calculating how long the sound of the initial explosion took to reach the witnesses, and using that to correlate the witness observations with the accident sequence. [43]:165[45]:184, Within days of the crash, the NTSB announced its intent to form its own witness group and to interview witnesses to the crash. To me, it is impossible for secrets like this to be kept secret very long.. By 2021, the methods taught using the wreckage were determined to no longer be relevant to modern accident investigation, which by then relied heavily on new technology, including three-dimensional laser-scanning techniques. 22c, p. 68, Recovery locations of the wreckage from the ocean (the red, yellow, and green zones) clearly indicated: (1) the red area pieces (from the forward portion of the wing center section and a ring of fuselage directly in front) were the earliest pieces to separate from the airplane; (2) the forward fuselage section departed simultaneously with or shortly after the red area pieces, landing relatively intact in the yellow zone; (3) the green area pieces (wings and the aft portion of the fuselage) remained intact for a period after the separation of the forward fuselage, and impacted the water in the green zone. 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